The percentage of permanent plots in the nine successional stages (see Table 1 and Table 2) in four different years: the start of the permanent plot studies (1953), just before introducing livestock (1989), just after introducing livestock (1992) and the last year of the plot study (2012).

 
 
  Part of: van der Hagen HG, Lammers E, van der Meulen F, Pätsch R, van Rooijen NM, Sýkora KV, Schaminée JH (2023) The role of livestock grazing in long-term vegetation changes in coastal dunes: a case study from the Netherlands. Plant Sociology 60(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/pls2023601/01