Research Article |
Corresponding author: Daniele Viciani ( daniele.viciani@unifi.it ) Academic editor: Gianluigi Bacchetta
© 2021 Matilde Gennai, Antonio Gabellini, Daniele Viciani, Roberto Venanzoni, Lorella Dell’Olmo, Michele Giunti, Fabio Lucchesi, Francesco Monacci, Michele Mugnai, Bruno Foggi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Gennai M, Gabellini A, Viciani D, Venanzoni R, Dell’Olmo L, Giunti M, Lucchesi F, Monacci F, Mugnai M, Foggi B (2021) The floodplain woods of Tuscany: towards a phytosociological synthesis. Plant Sociology 58(1): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/pls2021581/01
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The recent Landscape Plan of Tuscany Region pays particular attention towards the floodplain woods, for their conservation concern, landscape, and historical importance. The floodplain forest vegetation is defined as the natural and semi-natural wood vegetation located close to the rivers and submerged only during exceptional flooding. We gathered 180 both published and unpublished relevés coming from Tuscany and carried out in floodplain woods, where Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Quercus robur, Ulmus minor, Carpinus betulus, Populus nigra, P. alba and Salix alba were dominant, alone or in consociation with each other. On this dataset we performed a multivariate analysis, and the resulting groups were characterized by several points of view: floristic, ecological, chorological, by mean of diagnostic species, with the use of EIV. Moreover, their distribution in Tuscany was better defined. According to our results, six associations were found to be present in Tuscany. Thereby, one new association and three new subassociations were proposed. The syntaxonomic arrangement above the association level was discussed, with particular attention to the Italian Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa-rich communities. Finally, a comparison with the Annex I habitat types (sensu Directive 92/43/EEC) was carried out.
Alnetea glutinosae, Alno glutinosae-Populetea nigrae, chorology, EIV, interdune woods, NMDS, Quercetalia pubescentis, syntaxonomy, swampy forests
Floodplain forests are considered one of the most widespread forest communities in Europe (
For these reasons, the recent landscape plan of the Tuscany Administrative Region identifies the conservation and management of "alluvial soils", as one of the main concerns for conservation (
According to many authors (e.g.
The syntaxonomic scheme below the class rank, especially at alliance level, is very intricate and a plethora of classification schemes have been proposed, often based on very few and local surveys.
With this study, we aim to contribute to the phytosociological knowledge of the alluvial forests of Tuscany, including the true swampy forests dominated by Alnus glutinosa and/or Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, the suburban forests with Populus sp.pl., Salix alba and/or Ulmus minor, the hygrophilous and meso-hygrophilous woods with Quercus robur and the meso-hygrophilous forests dominated by Carpinus betulus.
In order to define and identify in the field floodplain woods, we carried out several literature and field investigations which also led to the publication of an updated map for Tuscany (
The matrix was numerically classified by mean of Cluster Analysis using Ward’s method and by mean of NMDS analysis with the Bray-Curtis method as similarity measure; the analyses were performed using PAST software (
The diagnostic species were statistically defined by the Phi coefficient of association (
A simplified high-level chorotype was attributed to each species, following
The Ellenberg Indicators Values (
For the analysis of syntaxonomic data we referred to local and international literature separately cited in each paragraph. In particular, for the woods dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa we referred to the recent work by
The syntaxonomic scheme at higher ranks follows
Vascular plant species names follow the Portal to the Flora of Italy (
In the descriptions of syntaxa, we indicated as diagnostic the characteristic and differential species reported by the original authors and the species highlighted by the phi analysis. In proper terms, the species indicated by the original authors as characteristics must be mainly considered as differentials (
In the syntaxonomic tables, we also indicated the diagnostic species as reported by the original authors of the syntaxa at the association level, and the phi values of the species (when phi> 20) resulting from the Phi analysis. The attribution of species to Alnetea, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea and Alno-Populetea follows
Both the cluster analysis dendrogram (Suppl. material
NMDS ordination scatterplot of the relevés of the floodplain woods of Tuscany. A = Alnus glutinosa comm.; F = Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa comm.; P = Populus sp./Salix alba comm.; U = Ulmus minor comm.; C = Carpinus betulus comm.; Q = Quercus robur comm. The vectors resulting from EIV analysis are superimposed (L: Light, T: Temperature, C: Continentality, U: Soil Moisture, R: Soil pH, N: Nutrients).
The resulting EIV vectors projected onto NMDS ordination (Fig.
Statistical and floristic analyses allowed to recognize six different groups, interpreted as different vegetation types and analyzed through Phi analysis. Diagnostic species of these six groups, together with their frequencies, were reported in Table
The results of the chorological analysis of the vegetation types are reported in Fig.
The distribution in Tuscany of the six types of floodplain forests is shown in Fig.
According to the results of our analysis and on the basis of the literature taken into account, we propose the following syntaxonomic scheme. In general terms, we confirmed the associations already reported for Tuscany, with the exception of some minor syntaxonomic formal changes, and the increase in the diagnostic species due to the increase in the number of relevés considered.
Results of Phi analysis. Synoptic table showing the fidelity coefficient of species for each community type. Vegetation types (A: Alnus glutinosa comm.; F: Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa comm.; Q: Quercus robur comm.; C: Carpinus betulus comm.; U: Ulmus minor comm.; P: Populus spp. and Salix alba comm.).
Vegetation types | A | F | Q | C | U | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 47.1 | 14.7 | . | . | . | . |
Lycopus europaeus L. | 38.8 | . | . | . | . | . |
Solanum dulcamara L. | 38.7 | . | . | . | . | . |
Equisetum arvense L. | 36.8 | . | . | . | . | . |
Thelypteris palustris Schott | 35.7 | . | . | . | . | . |
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. | 35.6 | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex remota L. | 33.5 | . | . | . | . | . |
Angelica sylvestris L. subsp. sylvestris | 29.5 | . | . | . | . | . |
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | 28.2 | . | . | . | . | . |
Sambucus nigra L. | 27.2 | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex pendula Huds. | 26.1 | . | . | . | . | . |
Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica | 24.4 | 27.7 | . | . | . | . |
Potentilla reptans L. | 22.9 | . | . | . | . | . |
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | . | 54.5 | . | . | . | . |
Carex elata All. subsp. elata | . | 46.3 | . | . | . | . |
Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss | . | 43.1 | . | . | . | . |
Ficus carica L. | . | 31.7 | . | . | . | . |
Galium palustre L. s.l. | . | 30.7 | . | . | . | . |
Samolus valerandi L. | . | 28 | . | . | . | . |
Lysimachia nummularia L. | . | 28 | . | . | . | . |
Carex riparia Curtis | . | 27.9 | . | . | . | . |
Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus | . | 24.1 | . | . | . | . |
Leucojum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum | . | 24.1 | . | . | . | . |
Periploca graeca L. | . | 24 | . | . | . | . |
Agrostis stolonifera L. | . | 23.4 | . | . | . | . |
Juncus articulatus L. subsp. articulatus | . | 22.3 | . | . | . | . |
Juncus inflexus L. subsp. inflexus | . | 18.8 | . | . | . | . |
Carex otrubae Podp. | . | 14.4 | . | . | . | . |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | . | . | 54.9 | . | . | . |
Cornus mas L. | . | . | 42.9 | . | . | . |
Lonicera caprifolium L. | . | . | 40.4 | . | . | . |
Acer campestre L. | . | . | 40.3 | . | . | . |
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. | . | . | 39.2 | . | . | . |
Ajuga reptans L. | . | . | 36.1 | . | . | . |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | . | . | 36.1 | . | . | . |
Chamaeiris foetidissima (L.) Medik. | . | . | 35 | . | . | . |
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | . | . | 31.4 | . | . | . |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | 29.6 | . | . | . |
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. | . | . | 29.4 | . | . | . |
Carex sylvatica Huds. | . | . | 29.3 | . | . | . |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | . | . | 28.6 | . | . | . |
Cardamine pratensis L. | . | . | 28.4 | . | . | . |
Arctium lappa L. | . | . | 28.1 | . | . | . |
Cyclamen repandum Sm. subsp. repandum | . | . | 28.1 | . | . | . |
Geum urbanum L. | . | . | 27.5 | . | . | . |
Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus | . | . | 27 | . | . | . |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | . | . | 26.8 | . | . | . |
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau | . | . | 24.8 | . | . | . |
Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. subsp. sylvatica | . | . | 24.5 | . | . | . |
Holcus lanatus L. subsp. lanatus | . | . | 23.9 | . | . | . |
Veronica montana L. | . | . | 23.6 | . | . | . |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | . | . | 22.4 | . | . | . |
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | . | . | 20.9 | . | . | . |
Clematis vitalba L. | . | . | 19.9 | . | . | . |
Quercus cerris L. | . | . | 19.7 | . | . | . |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. media | . | . | 19.4 | . | . | . |
Laurus nobilis L. | . | . | 16.4 | . | . | . |
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | . | 16 | . | . | . |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum | . | . | 14.2 | . | . | . |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | . | . | 7.2 | . | . | . |
Ilex aquifolium L. | . | . | . | 99.2 | . | . |
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. | . | . | . | 99.2 | . | . |
Anemonoides nemorosa (L.) Holub | . | . | . | 97 | . | . |
Corylus avellana L. | . | . | . | 94 | . | . |
Lonicera etrusca Santi | . | . | . | 92.2 | . | . |
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. | . | . | . | 91.7 | . | . |
Carpinus betulus L. | . | . | 4.9 | 87 | . | . |
Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. | . | . | . | 78.1 | . | . |
Festuca heterophylla Lam. | . | . | . | 77.1 | . | . |
Mespilus germanica L. | . | . | . | 76.2 | . | . |
Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. group | . | . | . | 75.3 | . | . |
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz | . | . | . | 75.2 | . | . |
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. | . | . | . | 73.5 | . | . |
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | . | . | . | 61.9 | . | . |
Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus | . | . | . | . | 82.2 | . |
Smilax aspera L. | . | . | . | . | 69.5 | . |
Rubia peregrina L. | . | . | . | . | 68 | . |
Rosa sempervirens L. | . | . | . | . | 66.3 | . |
Phillyrea angustifolia L. | . | . | . | . | 59.2 | . |
Salix alba L. | . | . | . | . | . | 58.6 |
Populus nigra L. | . | . | . | . | . | 49.3 |
Rubus caesius L. | . | . | . | . | . | 44.5 |
Populus alba L. | . | . | . | . | . | 44.2 |
Xanthium italicum Moretti | . | . | . | . | . | 43.9 |
Humulus lupulus L. | . | . | . | . | . | 43 |
Salix cinerea L. | . | . | . | . | . | 42.2 |
Galega officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | 35.8 |
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. | . | . | . | . | . | 35.3 |
Cornus sanguinea L. | . | . | . | . | . | 26.4 |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis | . | . | . | . | . | 22.7 |
HYDROCOTYLO VULGARIS-ALNETUM GLUTINOSAE Gellini, Pedrotti et Venanzoni, 1986. Holotypus: Table
Hydrocotylo vulgaris-Alnetum glutinosae Pedrotti, Gellini & Venanzoni, 1986. Species reported by the original authors as diagnostic are written in italics.
*: typus relevé | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rel. n. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
Phi | Hydrocotylo vulgaris-Alnetum glutinosae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33.5 | Carex remota L. | + | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | . | + | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | . | 1 |
38.8 | Lycopus europaeus L. | . | + | + | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | . | . | 1 | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | + | + | + | + | r | . | r |
Periploca graeca L. | 2 | 1 | + | . | . | . | r | + | 1 | + | 1 | 1 | + | . | . | . | + | 1 | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
28.2 | Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | + | . | + | . | + | + | + | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | . | |
26.1 | Carex pendula Huds. | . | . | . | 3 | 1 | + | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | + | + | . | . | 1 | + | + | 1 | . | r | . | + | . |
22.9 | Potentilla reptans L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | 1 | . | + | + | + | + | . | 1 | + | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | |
35.6 | Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | . | 1 | . | . | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . |
27.2 | Sambucus nigra L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | 1 | r | + | + | . |
38.7 | Solanum dulcamara L. | . | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
36.8 | Equisetum arvense L. | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 2 | 2 | + | + |
29.5 | Angelica sylvestris L. subsp. sylvestris | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | 2 | 1 | r | . |
Alnion glutinosae, Alnetalia, Alnetea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47.1 | Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Galium palustre L. s.l. | + | r | . | . | . | . | r | . | + | . | + | r | + | + | . | + | . | + | + | . | + | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ranunculus repens L. | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | + | . | + | 2 | 1 | 3 | + | + | |
35.7 | Thelypteris palustris Schott | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | 2 | . | . | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | 5 | 1 | . | 3 | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Samolus valerandi L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | + | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | 2 | . | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | |
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | + | . | + | |
Populus alba L. | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | 3 | |
Scutellaria galericulata L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Humulus lupulus L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | |
Rubus caesius L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Osmunda regalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Salix cinerea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | |
Magnocaricion elatae, Magnocaricetalia elatae, Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24.4 | Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | + | 1 | + | . | + | + | 2 | . | 1 | 1 | . | 1 | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . |
Lythrum salicaria L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | |
Carex elata All. subsp. elata | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lysimachia vulgaris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | |
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Other species | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | 1 | + | r | + | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | + | + | 2 | 1 | + | 1 | . | + | + | 1 | 1 | . | + | . | + | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | . | 3 | |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | + | r | . | 2 | 4 | 3 | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | + | 3 | + | . | + | + | . | + | + | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | |
Juncus effusus L. subsp. effusus | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | 1 | + | . | + | . | + | 1 | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | |
Agrostis stolonifera L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | 1 | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | 1 | r | 3 | + | . | |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Ficus carica L. | . | . | . | . | 2 | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | + | 1 | |
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | + | |
Carex sylvatica Huds. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Cornus sanguinea L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 1 | 1 | + | . | 1 | |
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | r | . | |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | + | |
Clematis vitalba L. | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rubia peregrina L. | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Poa trivialis L. | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Hypericum androsaemum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Salix alba L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | |
Vitis vinifera L. s.l. | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Laurus nobilis L. | . | . | . | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Convolvulus sepium L. | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
Bidens frondosa L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | r | |
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Smilax aspera L. | . | . | r | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
Acer campestre L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | |
Carex canescens L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Erigeron canadensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Euphorbia peplus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Acer negundo L. | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Populus nigra L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex canescens L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | x | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | x | . | x | . | . | . | . | . | |
Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. pinaster | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | + | . | . | |
Lonicera caprifolium L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Oxalis corniculata L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
Persicaria dubia (Stein.) Fourr. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 3 | . | |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex riparia Curtis | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. group | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 4 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Diagnostic species : Alnus glutinosa, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Periploca graeca, Thelypteris palustris, Lycopus europaeus, Solanum dulcamara, Equisetum arvense, Carex remota.
Dominant trees : Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa
Ecology and Chorology
: Alnus glutinosa tolerates the submersion better than the other tree species considered (
Distribution in Tuscany
(Fig.
Distribution map of the floodplain woods of Tuscany studied. Hydrocotylo-Alnetum glutinosae (square); Limnirido-Fraxinetum oxycarpae (black circle); Dioscoreo-Populetum nigrae (white circle); Periploco-Ulmetum minoris (diamond); Asparago-Carpinetum betuli (asterisk); Fraxino-Quercetum roboris (triangle).
Syntaxonomy
: the communities dominated by Alnus glutinosa can be referred to the association described by
LIMNIRIDO PSEUDACORI-FRAXINETUM OXYCARPAE ass. nova. Holotypus relevé 23 in Table
Limnirido pseudacori-Fraxinetum oxycarpae ass. nova. Rels 1–32: typical aspects; rels 33–47: transition aspects to Hydrocotylo-Alnetum.
*: typus relevé | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N. rel. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | |
Phi | Limnrido pseudocori-Fraxinetum oxycarpae ass nova | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
54.5 | Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
24 | Periploca graeca L. | 2 | 3 | 2 | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | + | . | . | + | + | + | 1 | + | + | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | 2 | + | + | . | . | . | + | 1 |
43.1 | Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | . | + | + | + | 1 | + | + | + | . | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | + | + | . | + | 1 |
46.3 | Carex elata All. subsp. elata | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | 2 | + | + | . | 4 | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | 2 | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | + | . | 1 | 3 | . | . | + | 1 | . | r | + | . | 2 | + |
30.7 | Galium palustre L. s.l. | + | . | + | + | . | . | + | + | 1 | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | + | + | 2 | + | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | r | . | + | r | 2 |
31.7 | Ficus carica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 1 | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | 1 | + | + | r | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | + | 2 | + | 2 |
28 | Samolus valerandi L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
28 | Lysimachia nummularia L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | 1 | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
24.1 | Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
24.1 | Leucojum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Frangulo-Fraxinion, Alnetalia, Alnetea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | 1 | + | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | 1 | 2 | . | . | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | |
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 2 | . | . | . | + | 1 | 1 | . | . | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | 2 | 1 | |
Thelypteris palustris Schott | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | 2 | 2 | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | 2 | 1 | |
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Lycopus europaeus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | |
Salix cinerea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Scutellaria galericulata L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Solanum dulcamara L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Magnocaricion elatae, Magnocaricetalia elatae, Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | + | + | . | 1 | + | . | + | 1 | . | 2 | . | 1 | + | 2 | . | . | 2 | 3 | + | + | . | . | . | . | + | 1 | |
Lythrum salicaria L. | 1 | + | + | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lysimachia vulgaris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | + | + | 1 | . | . | r | r | 1 | . | . | + | . | |
27.9 | Carex riparia Curtis | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | 5 | . | + | . | . | + | 1 | . | + | + | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | r | . | |
Populion albae, Populetalia, Alno-Populetea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | 3 | + | 1 | + | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | + | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | + | + | . | . | 1 | . | + | + | 4 | 2 | . | 2 | . | . | 4 | . | . | 1 | + | 2 | . | 2 | |
Carex remota L. | 1 | + | . | + | . | . | + | 4 | 1 | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | r | + | + | . | . | r | . | 1 | . | . | |
Populus alba L. | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 2 | + | . | 1 | + | 2 | + | + | . | . | . | 2 | + | . | 3 | . | |
Carex pendula Huds. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 4 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | 1 | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | 1 | . | . | |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Rumex sanguineus L. | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Populus nigra L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | 1 | . | . | 2 | . | |
Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Other species | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | + | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | 1 | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | 1 | + | + | + | + | . | + | + | . | + | . | 2 | + | . | + | 3 | + | . | r | + | 1 | + | + | 2 | |
Agrostis stolonifera L. | + | 2 | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | 1 | 3 | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | . | + | 2 | 1 | + | . | . | . | + | 2 | + | + | . | 1 | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Chamaeiris foetidissima (L.) Medik. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa | . | 1 | 1 | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | + | . | 3 | . | + | . | . | 1 | + | 2 | 2 | . | 2 | + | |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | + | . | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | r | . | . | r | + | . | . | |
Potentilla reptans L. | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | 1 | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Carex otrubae Podp. | . | + | + | + | + | + | . | + | . | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex distans L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | |
Juncus effusus L. subsp. effusus | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ranunculus repens L. | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 1 | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Juncus inflexus L. subsp. inflexus | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | |
Erigeron canadensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Poa trivialis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Rhamnus cathartica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Cornus sanguinea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Oenanthe lachenalii C.C.Gmel. | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Plantago major L. | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
22.3 | Juncus articulatus L. subsp. articulatus | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Laurus nobilis L. | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. | 1 | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rubus caesius L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | + | r | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | . | + | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Carex sylvatica Huds. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Euphorbia peplus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | |
Smilax aspera L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | |
Ranunculus sardous Crantz | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rumex conglomeratus Murray | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) G.L.Nesom | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Schoenus nigricans L. | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. lapathifolia | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Jacobaea erucifolia (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. subsp. erucifolia | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Clematis vitalba L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex vulpina L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex viridula Michx. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | r | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | |
Cardamine pratensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Convolvulus sepium L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Diagnostic species : Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Carex elata, Ficus carica, Galium palustre, Limniris pseudacorus, Samolus valerandi, Leucojum aestivum, Lysimachia nummularia, Carex riparia, Periploca graeca.
Dominant trees : Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Alnus glutinosa.
Ecology and Chorology
: Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa can tolerate short periods of moderate water deficit and low concentrations of salt in soil waters. In general terms, this species is more Mediterranean, relatively more thermophilous than Alnus glutinosa. From a chorological viewpoint, these woods are firstly characterized by the European-Mediterranean and Eurasian chorotypes (Fig.
Distribution in Tuscany
(Fig.
Syntaxonomy
:
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, in Tuscany, has broad ecological needs; according to
The floristic differences between the other associations dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa described for Italy (Tables
In the end, we note that in Tuscany the distinction between the alliances Alnion glutinosae and Frangulo-Fraxinion is not so clear, as many diagnostic species are in common, and a comprehensive work devoted to clarify this problem is needed.
NMDS ordination scatterplot for the synthetic tables of the Italian woods dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa. Crem-Fx: Carici remotae-Fraxinetum; Cla-Fx: Cladio marisci-Fraxinetum; Sal-Fx: Salici apenninae-Fraxinetum; Rub-Fx: Rubo caesi-Fraxinetum; Lys-Fx: Lysimachio-Fraxinetum; Leu-Fx: Leucojo verni-Fraxinetum; Val-Fx: Valeriano-Fraxinetum; Lim-Fx: Limnirido pseudacori-Fraxinetum. Data from Tables
Synoptic table of Fraxynus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa communities, including Tuscan relevés and Italian relevés by
Column n. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Association abbreviation | Lim-Fx1 | Lim-Fx2 | Lim-Fx3 | Lim-Fx4 | Lim-Fx5 | Lim-Fx6 | Cla-Fx1 | Cla-Fx2 | Cla-Fx3 | Leu-Fx1 | Leu-Fx2 | Val-Fx | Crem-Fx1 | Crem-Fx2 | Crem-Fx3 | Crem-Fx4 | Lys-Fx | Rub-Fx | Rub-Ulm | Sal-Fx |
Frangulo-Fraxinion, Alnetalia, Alnetea, Magnocaricion elatae species n. | 14 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Carici-Fraxinion, Populetalia, Alno-Populetea species n. | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 18 | 16 | 5 | 14 | 11 | 6 | 7 |
Frangulo-Fraxinion, Alnetalia, Alnetea | ||||||||||||||||||||
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 100 | 22 | 86 | 82 | 10 | 11 | 22 | . | . | 17 | 100 | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.Fuchs | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 13 | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus | 90 | . | . | . | 10 | 22 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 17 | 80 | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 40 | . |
Galium palustre L. s.l. | 30 | 56 | 100 | 53 | 30 | 33 | 11 | 86 | 83 | 100 | 100 | 83 | . | . | . | 56 | 17 | . | . | . |
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. | . | 11 | 14 | 12 | . | . | . | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lycopus europaeus L. | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | 67 | 14 | 33 | 96 | 80 | 67 | . | 47 | 50 | . | . | 29 | 10 | . |
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl | . | . | . | . | . | . | 56 | 100 | 50 | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Salix cinerea L. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | 44 | . | 50 | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Thelypteris palustris Schott | 50 | . | . | . | . | 11 | 22 | 71 | . | . | . | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Magnocaricion elatae | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica | 30 | 11 | 43 | 82 | . | 11 | 89 | 57 | 83 | 91 | 40 | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss | 60 | 11 | 43 | 71 | . | 22 | 89 | . | 50 | 100 | 100 | 67 | . | 29 | 17 | . | 67 | . | . | . |
Carex elata All. subsp. elata | 60 | 11 | 43 | 41 | . | 11 | 78 | . | 17 | 26 | . | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lythrum salicaria L. | 20 | 17 | 57 | 18 | . | 56 | 56 | . | 100 | 100 | . | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lysimachia vulgaris L. | 70 | . | 29 | 12 | . | . | 89 | . | 67 | 78 | 100 | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex riparia Curtis | 10 | . | 43 | 35 | . | . | 56 | . | . | 43 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | . | . | 30 | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech.f. | . | . | . | . | 20 | . | 11 | . | . | 4 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Stachys palustris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 78 | . | . | 91 | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Alisma lanceolatum With. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 39 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Poa palustris L. subsp. palustris | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex acutiformis Ehrh. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 86 | . | 4 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 67 | . | . | . |
Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | 40 | 67 | . | 6 | . | . | 17 | . | . | . |
Cyperus longus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 13 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Sparganium erectum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica beccabunga L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Phalaris arundinacea L. subsp. arundinacea | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 50 | . | . | . |
Carici-Fraxinion, Populetalia, Alno-Populetea | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex pendula Huds. | 20 | 33 | 57 | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 80 | 94 | 100 | 86 | 67 | 57 | 100 | 33 |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | 10 | 56 | 43 | 18 | 10 | 44 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 60 | 59 | 100 | . | 67 | 86 | 60 | . |
Carex remota L. | 20 | 61 | 100 | 35 | 30 | 33 | . | . | . | 43 | 80 | . | 100 | 47 | . | . | 83 | . | . | . |
Vitis vinifera L. | 10 | . | . | 6 | 10 | . | 22 | 29 | 67 | . | . | . | . | 29 | 33 | . | 14 | 20 | . | |
Convolvulus sepium L. | . | . | . | 12 | . | 11 | 44 | 29 | 83 | . | 40 | 17 | . | . | . | . | 33 | 14 | . | . |
Populus nigra L. | 20 | . | 14 | 12 | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | 50 | . | 12 | 100 | . | 67 | . | . | 67 |
Rumex sanguineus L. | . | 22 | 86 | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | 39 | 80 | . | 100 | 88 | 100 | . | 67 | . | . | . |
Geum urbanum L. | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | 60 | . | 20 | 18 | 67 | 57 | . | 57 | . | . |
Ranunculus lanuginosus L. | . | . | . | . | 30 | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | 88 | 83 | 86 | . | 86 | . | . |
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 71 | 100 | 43 | 17 | 43 | . | 22 |
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum | . | . | . | . | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | 82 | 71 | 17 | 71 | . | . | |
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 18 | 50 | . | 33 | . | . | 55 |
Salix alba L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 67 | . | . | 39 | . | . | . | . | 50 | . | 50 | . | 60 | 89 |
Carex divulsa Stokes | . | 6 | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 40 | 12 | 67 | . | . | . | . | . |
Bryonia dioica Jacq. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 47 | 17 | . | 17 | . | . | . |
Clematis viticella L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 35 | . | . | 83 | 43 | 90 | . |
Symphytum tuberosum L. subsp. angustifolium (A.Kern.) Nyman | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 18 | 100 | . | . | 57 | . | . |
Sambucus nigra L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | 83 | 29 | . | . |
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. | . | . | . | 12 | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | 22 | . |
Humulus lupulus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 12 | 67 | . | 17 | . | . | . |
Salix purpurea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 53 | . | . | . | . | . | 44 |
Chaerophyllum temulum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 47 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Salix triandra L. subsp. triandra | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 11 |
Other species | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | 40 | 83 | 100 | 47 | 50 | 100 | 44 | 86 | . | 22 | 80 | 50 | 100 | 94 | 100 | 86 | 67 | 86 | 100 | 67 |
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | 70 | 89 | 100 | 41 | 70 | 89 | 22 | 71 | 100 | . | . | . | 80 | 100 | 83 | 78 | 17 | 43 | . | 67 |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | . | 56 | 57 | 6 | 70 | 56 | 56 | 71 | 67 | 48 | 80 | . | 80 | 18 | . | . | 67 | . | 100 | 11 |
Populus alba L. | 60 | 34 | 14 | 36 | 30 | 44 | 78 | 100 | . | . | . | . | 100 | 82 | . | 14 | . | 14 | 100 | 78 |
Cornus sanguinea L. | . | . | 43 | 12 | . | 56 | 11 | 43 | . | . | . | 67 | 60 | 65 | 67 | 89 | 83 | 43 | 80 | 100 |
Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris | 20 | 17 | 29 | 24 | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | 60 | 17 | 80 | 12 | 83 | 56 | . | 14 | . | 44 |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | 20 | . | . | . | 60 | 56 | . | 43 | . | . | . | 17 | . | 76 | 83 | 22 | 17 | 57 | 50 | 11 |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | 20 | 39 | . | . | 80 | 56 | . | 29 | . | . | . | 50 | 80 | 53 | 83 | 89 | . | 100 | . | 11 |
Potentilla reptans L. | . | 28 | 71 | 12 | 10 | 22 | . | 43 | 33 | 30 | . | . | 20 | 35 | . | . | . | . | . | 11 |
Ranunculus repens L. | . | 11 | 100 | . | 20 | 11 | . | . | . | 100 | 60 | 67 | 47 | 50 | . | 33 | . | . | 11 | |
Agrostis stolonifera L. | . | 39 | 86 | 41 | . | 44 | 11 | 57 | 50 | 13 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 43 | . | . |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | 40 | 67 | 57 | 29 | 80 | 67 | 11 | 57 | 67 | . | . | 50 | 80 | 88 | 50 | 100 | 67 | 100 | . | 44 |
Smilax aspera L. | 20 | . | . | 6 | 80 | 22 | . | . | 50 | . | . | . | 40 | 47 | 17 | 22 | 29 | . | ||
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | 40 | 56 | 43 | 12 | 70 | 56 | 67 | 71 | . | . | 100 | . | . | 100 | 17 | 71 | . | 89 | ||
Carex otrubae Podp. | . | 17 | . | 18 | 30 | 22 | . | . | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | 50 | 11 | 17 | 14 | . | |
Clematis vitalba L. | 10 | . | 29 | . | 10 | 44 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 18 | 50 | . | . | . | 30 | 22 |
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | . | 29 | 6 | 50 | 56 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 76 | 83 | 56 | 17 | 71 | . | . |
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | 30 | 6 | . | 6 | 30 | 44 | . | 43 | 33 | . | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | 14 | . | . |
Acer campestre L. | 10 | 28 | 29 | . | 10 | 11 | . | . | 17 | . | 20 | 17 | 20 | 59 | 33 | 33 | 100 | 14 | 40 | 55 |
Carex flacca Schreb. subsp. flacca | 10 | 6 | . | . | . | 11 | . | 43 | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | 29 | . | 44 | |
Carex sylvatica Huds. | . | 22 | 71 | . | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 18 | . | 100 | 17 | 14 | . | . |
Leucojum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum | . | . | 14 | 18 | . | . | 11 | . | . | 100 | 60 | 100 | . | 24 | . | . | 67 | . | . | . |
Lysimachia nummularia L. | . | 22 | 43 | 12 | 20 | . | 44 | . | . | 100 | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | 83 | . | . | . |
Poa trivialis L. | . | 11 | 86 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 83 | 80 | . | 100 | 35 | 83 | . | 50 | . | . | . |
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau | . | 44 | 43 | . | 50 | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 12 | . | . | 17 | 14 | . | . |
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa | 80 | 6 | 29 | . | 70 | 56 | 89 | 86 | . | . | . | . | 60 | 12 | 83 | 44 | 50 | 57 | 100 | 100 |
Rhamnus cathartica L. | 40 | . | 14 | 6 | . | 11 | 78 | 14 | . | . | . | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Asparagus acutifolius L. | . | . | . | . | 20 | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 24 | 17 | 22 | . | 86 | . | 11 |
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 60 | 80 | 71 | . | 67 | 17 | 14 | 30 | . | |
Lonicera caprifolium L. | . | . | . | . | 70 | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 59 | . | . | 17 | 29 | . | 33 |
Rosa sempervirens L. | . | . | . | . | 30 | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 59 | 83 | 44 | . | 100 | . | 22 |
Rubia peregrina L. | 10 | . | . | . | 70 | 56 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 71 | 33 | 11 | . | 86 | . | . |
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | . | 11 | 57 | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | 57 | 60 | . | . | 24 | . | . | 67 | . | . | . |
Rubus caesius L. | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | 29 | . | 26 | 60 | 33 | . | . | 17 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 89 | |
Carex distans L. | 20 | 11 | . | 35 | 10 | . | . | 57 | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Ajuga reptans L. | . | . | 14 | . | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 12 | . | 33 | 17 | 14 | . | . |
Ficaria verna Huds. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 9 | 20 | . | 100 | 71 | 100 | . | . | 29 | . | . |
Chamaeiris foetidissima (L.) Medik. | . | 44 | 14 | . | 80 | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | . | 57 | . | . |
Samolus valerandi L. | . | 28 | 43 | 41 | 10 | . | . | 57 | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Solanum dulcamara L. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | 89 | . | . | 74 | 100 | 17 | . | 47 | 83 | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex vulpina L. | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 57 | 80 | 20 | 47 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ficus carica L. | 70 | 6 | 29 | 29 | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 43 | . | 43 | 10 | 44 |
Juncus effusus L. subsp. effusus | . | 17 | 86 | 18 | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Laurus nobilis L. | 30 | 11 | . | 6 | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 86 | . | . |
Periploca graeca L. | 60 | 28 | . | 71 | 70 | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis | . | . | . | 12 | . | 11 | 11 | . | 17 | . | . | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pyrus communis L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | 11 | 56 | 43 | . | . | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. media | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 6 | 17 | 14 | . | 14 | . | . |
Cyclamen repandum Sm. subsp. repandum | . | . | 14 | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 24 | 17 | . | . | . | . | . |
Holcus lanatus L. subsp. lanatus | . | 28 | 14 | . | . | . | . | 14 | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Ranunculus sardous Crantz | . | 6 | . | 18 | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 44 | . | . | . | . |
Stachys sylvatica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 40 | 53 | 100 | 11 | . | . | . | . |
Thysselinum palustre (L.) Hoffm. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | 9 | 40 | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Viola alba Besser subsp. alba | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | 29 | . | 29 | . | 22 |
Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 18 | 33 | 29 | . | 29 | . | . |
Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. | . | . | . | 6 | 10 | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | 41 | 83 | . | . | . | . | . |
Arum maculatum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 47 | 100 | . | . | 14 | . | . |
Bidens tripartita L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | 17 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Caltha palustris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | 40 | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Cardamine pratensis L. | . | 6 | 43 | . | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carpinus betulus L. | . | 6 | . | . | 20 | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Galium aparine L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 67 | 29 | . | 29 | . | . |
Genista tinctoria L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 48 | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 67 |
Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Juncus articulatus L. subsp. articulatus | . | . | 24 | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. | . | 6 | 14 | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Phalaris arundinacea L. subsp. arundinacea | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | 30 | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Plantago major L. | . | 6 | 29 | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum | . | 11 | . | 6 | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Scutellaria galericulata L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 57 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Sison amomum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 29 | 50 | . | . | . | . | . |
Viburnum opulus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | 67 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Althaea officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Amorpha fruticosa L. | . | . | . | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 90 | . |
Aristolochia clematitis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 13 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex ornithopoda Willd. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 52 | 80 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex vesicaria L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 83 | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Cornus mas L. | . | . | . | . | 50 | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter subsp. angustifolia (Bég.) Greuter | . | . | . | 6 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Erigeron canadensis L. | . | 11 | 57 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Euphorbia palustris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | 91 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Glechoma hederacea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 4 | 80 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Gratiola officinalis L. | . | . | . | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | 57 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Hypericum androsaemum L. | . | 11 | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus | . | 17 | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Juncus inflexus L. subsp. inflexus | . | 11 | . | 24 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Juniperus communis L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Melica uniflora Retz. | . | . | . | . | 40 | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. subsp. sylvatica | . | 6 | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Oenanthe fistulosa L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 91 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Oenanthe lachenalii C.C.Gmel. | . | . | . | 18 | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Oxalis corniculata L. | . | 6 | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 78 | 80 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pinus pinea L. | 20 | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. rubra (Sm.) Arcang. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | 11 |
Quercus cerris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 20 | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Quercus pubescens Willd. subsp. pubescens | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | 55 |
Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser | . | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | . | . | 87 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Rumex conglomeratus Murray | . | 6 | . | . | . | 44 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Schoenus nigricans L. | . | 11 | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Sium latifolium L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | 83 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Symphytum officinale L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Teucrium scordium L. subsp. scordioides (Schreb.) Arcang. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 87 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Tussilago farfara L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | 22 |
Valeriana dioica L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 80 | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica montana L. | . | 17 | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica scutellata L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 61 | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica serpyllifolia L. | . | 6 | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Aegopodium podagraria L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 40 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Althaea cannabina L. | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Aristolochia rotunda L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Asplenium onopteris L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Bidens frondosa L. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 55 |
Cardamine pratensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex canescens L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex caryophyllea Latourr. | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex flava L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 50 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex punctata Gaudin | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex strigosa Huds. | . | . | . | . | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Carex viridula Michx. | 30 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce subsp. pulchellum | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Cerastium semidecandrum L. | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Euphorbia peplis L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. lutetiana | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Clematis flammula L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Crepis bellidifolia Loisel. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Silene baccifera (L.) Durande | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | . | . | . |
Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 43 | . | . |
Elymus repens (L.) Gould subsp. repens | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Equisetum arvense L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Euphorbia peplis L. | . | 22 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á.Löve | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Fragaria vesca L. subsp. vesca | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Galium debile Desv. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Galium rotundifolium L. subsp. rotundifolium | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geranium purpureum Vill. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geranium robertianum L. | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geranium sylvaticum L. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Hypochaeris glabra L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. | . | . | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Jacobaea erucifolia (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Juncus conglomeratus L. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lonicera japonica Thunb. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lonicera etrusca Santi | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 67 | . | . | . | . | . |
Lotus corniculatus L. subsp. alpinus (DC.) Rothm. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mentha x verticillata L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 83 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. | . | . | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Myosotis laxa Lehm. subsp. cespitosa (Schultz) Hyl. ex Nordh. | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Myosotis scorpioides L. subsp. scorpioides | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 96 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Myrtus communis L. | . | . | . | . | 30 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Phelipanche purpurea (Jacq.) Soják | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Parietaria officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 50 | . | . | . |
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. lapathifolia |
. | . | 57 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Phillyrea angustifolia L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Phytolacca americana L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. pinaster | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. | . | . | . | . | 30 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Platanus sp. | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Poa annua L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Poa balbisii Parl. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. | . | . | . | . | . | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Ranunculus flammula L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Ranunculus sp. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser subsp. sylvestris | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 43 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Rosa canina L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 44 | |
Rubus sp. | . | . | . | 12 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Salix apennina A.K.Skvortsov | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 100 |
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. subsp. arundinaceum | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Schenkia spicata (L.) G.Mans. | . | 6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Scrophularia nodosa L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Lychnis flos-cuculi L. subsp. flos-cuculi | . | . | 29 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Betonica officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Succisa pratensis Moench | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 60 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) G.L.Nesom | . | . | . | . | . | 33 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. | . | . | . | 18 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Thalictrum flavum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 43 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Thalictrum lucidum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 83 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Trifolium fragiferum L. subsp. fragiferum | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Triglochin barrelieri Loisel. | . | . | . | . | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Galatella pannonica (Jacq.) Galasso, Bartolucci & Ardenghi | . | . | . | . | 10 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. subsp. anagallis-aquatica |
. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 57 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp. chamaedrys | . | . | . | . | 20 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Veronica officinalis L. | . | . | 14 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
FRAXINO OXYCARPAE-QUERCETUM ROBORIS Gellini, Pedrotti et Venanzoni, 1986. Holotypus: Table
Diagnostic species : Quercus robur, Cornu mas, Acer campestre, Luzula forsteri, Moheringia trinervia, Chamaeiris foetidissima, Lonicera caprifolium, Ruscus aculeatus, Viola reichembachiana, Ajuga reptans, Ligustrum vulgare, Veronica montana.
Dominant trees : Quercus robur, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, Ulmus minor, Quercus ilex (only in the lauretosum nobilis subassociation).
Ecology and Chorology
: Meso-hygrophilous, Mediterranean woods developing on fertile and deep soils. The chorotypes spectrum is very similar to that of the Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa woods, apart for a slight increase in European species (Figure
Distribution in Tuscany (Fig.
Syntaxonomy
: English oak forests in Tuscany were originally described by
1. subass. typicum Rels 1–45 in Suppl. material
2. carpinetosum betuli Gellini, Pedrotti, Venanzoni, 1986 ex Gennai et al. subass. nova hoc loco (lectotypus: rel. 19 Table
3. lauretosum nobilis subass. nova, Rels 54–57 in Suppl. material
4. sambucetosum nigrae subass. nova, Rels 58–75 in Suppl. material
ASPARAGO TENUIFOLII-CARPINETUM BETULI
. Asparago tenuifolii-Carpinetum betulii
Rel. n° | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Phi | Asparago tenuifolii-Carpinetum betuli | |||
87 | Carpinus betulus L. | 4 | 4 | 4 |
97 | Anemonoides nemorosa (L.) Holub | 2 | 2 | + |
94 | Corylus avellana L. | + | 1 | 1 |
99.2 | Ilex aquifolium L. | + | + | r |
91.7 | Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. | 1 | 1 | + |
92.2 | Lonicera etrusca Santi | + | + | 1 |
99.2 | Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. | + | r | 1 |
78.1 | Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. | . | + | + |
73.5 | Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. | + | r | . |
61.9 | Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | . | r | + |
77.1 | Festuca heterophylla Lam. | + | r | . |
76.2 | Mespilus germanica L. | + | r | . |
75.3 | Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. group | + | + | . |
75.2 | Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz | r | r | . |
Asarum europaeum L. | r | . | . | |
Crataego-Quercion, Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, Querco-Fagetea | ||||
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. | + | r | r | |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | r | + | |
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau | r | r | . | |
Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. | + | + | . | |
Prunus avium L. subsp. avium | . | . | r | |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | 1 | |
Acer campestre L. | . | + | . | |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum | . | . | r | |
Other species | ||||
Ruscus aculeatus L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi | + | . | r | |
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | . | 2 | 1 | |
Lathraea clandestina L. | + | r | . | |
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum | . | . | r | |
Pyrus communis L. | . | . | 2 | |
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus | + | . | . | |
Myosotis sicula Guss. | . | r | . | |
Cornus sanguinea L. | . | . | + | |
Dactylis glomerata L. s.l. | . | r | . | |
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. petraea | 1 | . | . | |
Castanea sativa Mill. | r | . | . | |
Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton | . | . | 1 | |
Euphorbia dulcis L. | . | . | r | |
Holcus mollis L. subsp. mollis | . | r | . | |
Loncomelos pyramidale (L.) Raf. | . | . | r | |
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. | . | . | r | |
Viola riviniana Rchb. | . | . | r |
Diagnostic species : Carpinus betulus, Anemonoides nemorosa, Asparagus tenuifolius, Corylus avellana, Crataegus laevigata, Polygonatum multiflorum, Dioscorea communis, Ilex aquifolium, Lonicera etrusca, Rubus hirtus, Sorbus torminalis, Asarum europaeum.
Dominant trees : Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur.
Ecology and Chorology
: Mesophilous woods can be found in sites where submersion is very occasional. This is a community with a more evident C-European character, highlighted by the lowest percentage of Mediterranean species and the highest percentages of European and European-Mediterranean ones (Fig.
Distribution in Tuscany (Fig.
Syntaxonomy
: The association Asparago tenuifolii-Carpinetum betulii was described by
PERIPLOCO GRAECAE-ULMETUM MINORIS Vagge et Biondi, 1999. Holotypus: table 20, rel. 3 in
Periploco graecae-Ulmetum minoris Vagge et Biondi, 1999. Species reported by the original authors as diagnostic are written in italics.
Rel. n° | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phi | Periploco graecae-Ulmetum minoris | |||||||
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | |
Periploca graeca L. | . | 3 | + | . | . | 3 | 2 | |
82.2 | Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus | r | . | + | r | 1 | . | + |
69.5 | Smilax aspera L. | r | 1 | + | + | . | 2 | 1 |
68 | Rubia peregrina L. | + | 1 | + | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
66.3 | Rosa sempervirens L. | . | . | 1 | + | 1 | . | + |
59.2 | Phillyrea angustifolia L. | . | . | . | 2 | 1 | . | 1 |
Lauro-Ulmion, Rubio-Ulmetalia, Alno-Populetea | ||||||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | 3 | 3 | . | + | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
Hedera helix L. subsp. helix | r | 3 | . | . | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | + | . | . | + | 3 | . | + | |
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | + | |
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | ||
Euonymus europaeus L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |
Laurus nobilis L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | |
Chamaeiris foetidissima (L.) Medik. | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | |
Quercetea ilicis | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Asparagus acutifolius L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | + | |
Pistacia lentiscus L. | . | . | . | 3 | + | . | . | |
Viola alba Besser subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Myrtus communis L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | |
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |
Other species | ||||||||
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa | r | . | 1 | . | + | . | + | |
Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris | + | . | . | r | . | . | . | |
Carex otrubae Podp. | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | . | 2 | . | . | . | 2 | . | |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis | . | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | |
Pinus pinea L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 5 | |
Lonicera etrusca Santi | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Potentilla reptans L. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rumex sanguineus L. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Poa trivialis L. | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex distans L. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex divulsa Stokes | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Oenanthe lachenalii C.C.Gmel. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Plantago major L. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Pyrus communis L. | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Jacobaea erratica (Bertol.) Fourr. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Phillyrea latifolia L. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rosa sp. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Trifolium pratense L. subsp. pratense | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E.Hubb. s.l. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Limonium narbonense Mill. | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Sison amomum L. | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Tamarix sp. | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | |
Taraxacum sp. | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Quercus pubescens Willd. | . | . | . | . | . | . | + |
Diagnostic species : Ulmus minor, Rhamnus alaternus, Smilax aspera, Rosa sempervirens, Rubia peregrina, Phillyrea angustifolia, Periploca graeca, Asparagus acutifolius.
Dominant tree : Ulmus minor.
Ecology and Chorology
: Recently established woods, located on wet clay soils rich in nutrients. This is the most typical Mediterranean vegetation type among those investigated: here we found the highest percentage of Mediterranean species (Figure
Distribution in Tuscany (Fig.
Syntaxonomy
: Ulmus minor groves of Tuscany were referred to the association Periploco graecae-Ulmetum minoris
DIOSCOREO COMMUNIS-POPULETUM NIGRAE Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017. Holotypus: rel. 1 of Table I of Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017 – Riparian wood with poplars and/or willows (Table
Dioscoreo communis-Populion nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017. Rels 1–7: Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017 populetoum albae (Biondi, Vagge, Baldoni et Taffetani, 1999) Poldini, Vidali et Castello, 2020; rels 8–18: Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017 typicum.
Phi | Rel. n. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae | |||||||||||||||||||
58.6 | Salix alba L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | . | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
49.3 | Populus nigra L. | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
Hedera helix L. s.l. | 4 | . | 2 | . | 5 | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | |
Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor | . | + | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Clematis vitalba L. | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Corylus avellana L. | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
populetosum albae | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
44.2 | Populus alba L. | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . |
Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Dioscoreo communis-Populion nigrae, Populetalia, Alno-Populetea | |||||||||||||||||||
36.4 | Cornus sanguinea L. | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | r | . | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | + | . | . | . |
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | . | . | 2 | + | 1 | 2 | . | . | + | 1 | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lythrum salicaria L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | + | + | . | + | 2 | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
44.5 | Rubus caesius L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | 2 | . | 4 | 2 | + | 5 | + | . | . |
Mentha aquatica L. subsp. aquatica | . | r | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | |
43 | Humulus lupulus L. | 1 | . | . | . | 1 | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + | . | . |
42 | Salix cinerea L. | 1 | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | 2 | . | . |
Agrostis stolonifera L. | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 2 | 2 | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lycopus europaeus L. | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |
Periploca graeca L. | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex pendula Huds. | + | . | . | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | |
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. oxycarpa (Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | . | 3 | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Galium palustre L. s.l. | . | . | . | + | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Solanum dulcamara L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Vitis vinifera L. | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex otrubae Podp. | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex sp. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Sambucus nigra L. | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Pastinaca sativa L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Salix purpurea L. subsp. purpurea | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lythrum hyssopifolia L. | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex remota L. | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex sylvatica Huds. subsp. sylvatica | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Other species | |||||||||||||||||||
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | + | + | . | . | . | |
22.7 | Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | + | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . |
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | 1 | + | . | . | |
Limniris pseudacorus (L.) Fuss | . | r | . | + | . | . | . | r | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
43.9 | Xanthium orientale L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | r | + | . | . | . | . | 2 |
Lysimachia vulgaris L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | 1 | . | . | |
Laurus nobilis L. | 1 | . | + | . | 1 | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
35.3 | Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . |
45.8 | Galega officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 3 | . | . | + | . | . |
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 2 | + | . | . | . | . | |
Dipsacus fullonum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | . | . | + | . | . | |
Galium aparine L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 3 | 1 | . | . | . | |
Hypericum perforatum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Aristolochia clematitis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | |
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa | . | . | + | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Acer campestre L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 2 | . | . | . | |
Acer negundo L. | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Agrimonia eupatoria L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Althaea officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | . | |
Euonymus europaeus L. | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Amorpha fruticosa L. | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Cruciata laevipes Opiz | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | . | . | . | |
Daucus carota L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Erigeron canadensis L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | |
Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | |
Juncus inflexus L. subsp. inflexus | . | . | . | + | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. | 2 | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Phalaris arundinacea L. subsp. arundinacea | . | . | . | . | . | 3 | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Plantago major L. | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Potentilla reptans L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur | 1 | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Sambucus ebulus L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | 2 | . | . | . | |
Teucrium scordium L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . | |
Typha latifolia L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | |
Verbena officinalis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | r | + | . | . | . | . | . | |
Carex riparia Curtis | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Arundo donax L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Bromus arvensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Convolvulus sepium L. | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ficus carica L. | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Paspalum distichum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | |
Thalictrum lucidum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | |
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lolium perenne L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lonicera caprifolium L. | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Lotus corniculatus L. s.l. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Mentha pulegium L. subsp. pulegium | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Quercus cerris L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rubia peregrina L. | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Rubus canescens DC. | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Thalictrum flavum L. | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Diagnostic species : Populus nigra, Salix alba, Rubus caesius, Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum, Salix cinerea, Humulus lupulus (phi >40), Populus alba, Ulmus minor, Galega officinalis, Pulicaria disenterica (phi > 30).
Dominant trees : Populus sp.pl., Salix alba.
Ecology and Chorology
: This vegetation encompasses the woods that are located along riparian areas, placed in sites where the influence of rivers is marginal, like abandoned meanders or alluvial sectors in sedimentation. In the wet season, these communities are subject to even prolonged periods of submersion. This is a heterogeneous vegetation type, in which patches dominated by trees like poplars were found mixed with tall willow trees and shrubs. This vegetation is characterized by chorotypes with wide distribution (Eurosibiric, Cosmopolitan/Circumboreal) (Fig.
Distribution in Tuscany (Fig.
Syntaxonomy
: In the past, similar coenoses have been attributed by many Italian authors (e.g.
The spatial distribution scheme of these associations in the mosaic of the floodplain vegetation of Tuscany is shown in Figs
Our results clarified the phytosociological classification of lowland woody communities in Tuscany, that is crucial to attribute them to the appropriate habitat type of conservation concern, listed in the Directive 92/43/EEC. The coenoses here described represent, in general, threatened plant communities that deserve strict conservation measures. Accordingly, based on
– Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa dominated communities (Hydrocotylo vulgaris-Alnetum glutinosae; Limnirido pseudacori-Fraxinetum oxycarpae): habitat 91E0* – Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae).
– Quercus robur and Ulmus minor dominated communities (Fraxino-Quercetum roboris; Periploco graecae-Ulmetum minoris): habitat 91F0 – Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris); when there is a codominance of Carpinus betulus, the habitat 9160 – Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli – can be used.
– Carpinus betulus dominated communities (Asparago tenuifolii-Carpinetum betuli): habitat 9160 – Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli.
– Populus spp. and Salix spp. dominated communities (Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae): habitat 92A0 – Salix alba and Populus alba galleries.
ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE Br.-Bl. et Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk et Passchier, 1946
ALNETALIA GLUTINOSAE Tx., 1937
Alnion glutinosae Malcuit, 1929
Hydrocotylo vulgaris-Alnetum glutinosae Gellini, Pedrotti et Venanzoni, 1986
Frangulo alni-Fraxinion oxycarpae Poldini, Sburlino et Venanzoni in Biondi, Allegrezza, Casavecchia, Galdenzi, Gasparri, Pesaresi, Poldini, Sburlino, Vagge et Venanzoni, 2015
Limnirido pseudacori-Fraxinetum oxycarpae Gennai, Gabellini, Viciani, Venanzoni, Dell’Olmo, Giunti, Lucchesi, Monacci, Mugnai et Foggi ass. nova
ALNO GLUTINOSAE-POPULETEA ALBAE P. Fukarek et Fabijanić, 1968
POPULETALIA ALBAE Br.-Bl. ex Tchou, 1948
Carici remotae-Fraxinion oxycarpae Pedrotti ex Pedrotti, Biondi, Allegrezza et Casavecchia in Biondi, Allegrezza, Casavecchia, Galdenzi, Gasparri, Pesaresi, Vagge et Blasi, 2014
Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum roboris Gellini, Pedrotti et Venanzoni, 1986
typicum
carpinetosum betuli Gellini, Pedrotti et Venanzoni, 1986 ex Gennai, Gabellini, Viciani, Venanzoni, Dell’Olmo, Giunti, Lucchesi, Monacci, Mugnai et Foggi subass. nova
lauretosum nobilis Gennai, Gabellini, Viciani, Venanzoni, Dell’Olmo, Giunti, Lucchesi, Monacci, Mugnai et Foggi subass. nova
sambucetosum nigrae Gennai, Gabellini, Viciani, Venanzoni, Dell’Olmo, Giunti, Lucchesi, Monacci, Mugnai et Foggi subass. nova
Dioscoreo communis-Populion nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017
Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017 typicum
Dioscoreo communis-Populetum nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali, 2017 populetoum albae (Biondi, Vagge, Baldoni et Taffetani 1999) Poldini, Vidali et Castello, 2020
RUBIO PEREGRINAE–ULMETALIA MINORIS Biondi, Casavecchia, Gasparri et Pesaresi in Allegrezza, Casavecchia, Galdenzi, Gasparri, Pesaresi, Poldini, Sburlino, Vagge et Venanzoni, 2015
Lauro nobilis-Ulmion minoris Biondi, Casavecchia, Gasparri et Pesaresi in Allegrezza, Casavecchia, Galdenzi, Gasparri, Pesaresi, Poldini, Sburlino, Vagge et Venanzoni 2015
Periploco graecae-Ulmetum minoris Vagge et Biondi, 1999
QUERCO ROBORIS-FAGETEA SYLVATICAE Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger, 1937
QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Klika, 1933
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis
Asparago tenuifolii-Carpinetum betuli
Thanks are due to Simona Bacci for English language checking, and to three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and comments that allow us to greatly improve the manuscript.
The research was funded by Regione Toscana “The floodplain woods of Tuscany: Distribution, Ecology, Characterization” (resp. prof. F. Lucchesi, Department of Architecture – DIDA, University of Florence).
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Figure S1
Data type: The dendrogram resulting from cluster analysis.
Explanation note: List of the plant communities found in the current research and of those found by other authors in the past.
Table S1
Data type: phytosociological table
Explanation note: Phytosociological table of the Dioscoreo communis-Populion nigrae Poldini et Vidali in Poldini, Sburlino et Vidali 2017 association.